Providing the former soviet union with national security advice.

The end of the Cold War has relaxed NATO's requirement for military readiness. But what of the countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, which now face severe political, social, and economic challenges? They are confronted with the need to develop their own individual national E security policies. To help these nations formulate their own defense policies in the unfamiliar context of civilian democratic control, the AAAS Directorate for 1. International Programs and the RAND Corporation co-sponsored a pair ofshort courses to explain Western security policies and processes and to discuss international cooperation. The 2-week courses, S organized by AAAS Inus temational Security program coordinator Elizacle beth Kirk and RAND's Rose Gottemoeller, took thi place throughout October. Conducted in Kiev, Ukraine, and Alma Ata, Kazakhstan, the workshops brought together 30 to 35 mid-level bureaucrats to discuss broad national security issues. "The course covered soup to nuts," says arms control defense analyst and course instructor Ralph Hallenbeck. "We discussed policy-making, defense acquisition, arms control, peace-keeping, and civil-military relations." The first hour ofeach session was reserved for formal lectures, with group discussions about practical applications taking up the rest of the day. For the most part, Hallenbeck says the students were not looking for academic lectures: "They wanted to talk about their specific problems," and they invariably sought the bottom line"How do we do it, and how is it going to help us?" No longer part of a larger Soviet system, individual states must now make decisions about how to plan a defense budget and whether to maintain their nuclear arsenals and large conventional force capabilities. In addition to developing independent security sys-